Which of the following is NOT a principle of the Treaty of Waitangi include

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Question restatement: Which of the following is NOT a principle of the Treaty of Waitangi include

Option a: 'The Crown has ownership over all resources but must consult with Maori on the use'.
- This statement asserts Crown ownership of all resources. In Waitangi discourse, the Crown’s authority to govern is acknowledged, and Maori retain rangatiratanga over their resources, with partnership and protection guiding engagement. Claiming universal Crown ownership over all resources is not described as a Waitangi principle, and the obligation to consult does align with partnership and protection concepts, but the premise of ownership is inaccurate. Therefore, this option misstates a core principle about resource ownership rather than about the Crown–Maori relationship.

Option b: 'The freedom of the Crown to govern'.
- This phrasing reflects the Crown’s governing authority, which is consistent with the Treaty framework (Article 1) that the Crown would govern. While some interpretations emphasize the constraint of partnership and mutual obligations, the general idea that the Crown has the right to govern is commonly treated as a principle or element within descriptive understandings of the Waitangi framework. This option aligns with established interpretations rather than being false.

Option c: 'The acquisition of sovereignty in exchange for the protection of rangatiratanga'.
- This statement describes a historical narrative rather than a formal principle of the Treaty. The common historical interpretation is debated: some claim sovereignty was ceded to the Crown in exchange for protections of rangatiratanga, while others dispute this as an explicit principle or even a factual statement of the text. As a principle, it is not universally accepted in Waitangi doctrine and is often regarded as a contested or inaccurate portrayal of the Treaty’s principles. Therefore, this option is not a robust principle of the Treaty and is best identified as NOT a principle.

Option d: 'The Crown's duty of active protection'.
- This is widely recognized as a key principle, reflecting the obligation to actively protect Māori claims and rights under the Treaty, going beyond passive acknowledgement. It is consistent with Waitangi-based interpretations and educational material.

Option e: 'The Treaty established a partnership, and imposes on the partners the duty to act reasonably and in good faith'.
- This captures a foundational modern interpretation: the partnership model with duties of good faith and reasonableness between the Crown and tangata whenua. It aligns with established teaching about Waitangi principles.

Summary of incorrectness per option:
- Option a is incorrect as a principle because it improperly asserts Crown ownership over all resources, which is not a standard principle of the Treaty and misrepresents resource ownership dynamics.
- Option b is generally aligned with Waitangi interpretations as describing Crown governance and thus is not a NOT-principle.
- Option c is not a solid principle due to its contested and debated status as a historical narrative rather than an agreed principle.
- Option d is a correct principle (active protection).
- Option e is a correct principle (partnership and good-faith duties).

Therefore, the option most clearly NOT a principle, given standard Waitangi interpretation, is option c, since it portrays a disputed historical mechanism rather than an accepted principle of the Treaty.

Which of the following is NOT a principle of the Treaty of Waitangi include

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