With whom had the kingdoms in West Africa long traded before Western Europeans sought trade relationships with groups living in what is now known as Ghana? (choose only one button)

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When examining the historical context of West African kingdoms prior to European involvement in Ghana, several trade connections surface across different regions.
Option 1: 'all of these' — This choice asserts that West African kingdoms had long-standing trade ties with multiple broad regions, and in historical narratives, communities in West Africa did engage with North Africa (the MENA region), the broader Middle East, and even links that are described as Sino-African in later periods. Some evidence suggests an extensive web of long-distance exchange, especially through trans-Saharan routes connecting to North Africa and the Mediterranean, as well as routes and intermediaries that connected West Africa with broader Asian trading networks through intermediary markets. This supports the idea that trade extended beyond a single region.
Option 2: 'Areas once known as the Far East but now represent Sino-African trade' — The term 'Far East' is historical and imprecise, but in the long arc of history there were interactions—though not always direct, and often mediated by traders—between African kingdoms and East Asian polities along routes that some scholars describe as Sino-African connections. While these ties were not as prominent as trans-Saharan links, they constitute a plausible component of pre-European trade webs.
Option 3: 'Areas now known as MENA (Middle Eastern and North African)' — This is historically solid. West African kingdoms participated in long-distance exchange networks that reached North Africa and the broader Middle East, with traders and goods moving across the Sahara into Mediterranean markets and beyond. This component is well-attested in the literature on trans-Saharan trade, gold, salt, and other commodities traveling to North Africa.
Option 4: 'Areas now known as SWANA (South West Asian and North African)' — This term overlaps with the broader MENA region in common usage and reflects the geographic reality that parts of West Africa’s trade networks touched areas that would today be categorized within SWANA. The inclusion suggests a broader pan-regional trade contact, which aligns with the idea of extensive interregional exchange spanning multiple regional labels.
Option 5: 'none of these' — This would claim that West African kingdoms did not have long-standing trade with any of these regions. This contradicts substantial evidence of trans-Saharan trade networks and the participation of West African polities in long-distance exchange, making this option historically inaccurate.
Taken together, the options collectively describe a broad and plausible spectrum of pre-European trade connections: West African kingdoms engaged with North Africa and the broader Middle East (MENA/SWANA) via trans-Saharan routes, and there are also recognized narratives of long-distance exchange involving East Asian connections through intermediary trade networks. Therefore, the assertion that all of these areas were involved captures the comprehensive scope of pre-European West African trade dynamics, making the first option the best encapsulation of the historical picture.

SP25: AFAM-22 Sec 04 - Humanities Af Am Cul Quiz: "Born In Blackness"

With whom had the kingdoms in West Africa long traded before Western Europeans sought trade relationships with groups living in what is now known as Ghana? (choose only one button)

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