The idea of tend-and-befriend is that:

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Question restatement: The idea of tend-and-befriend is that:

Option 1: 'Fight-or-flight is not an accurate characterization of stress responses.' This challenges a traditional view, suggesting that stress responses are more nuanced than just fight or flight. While this is a broader critique that has some support in literature, it does not define the tend-and-befriend concept itself, which specifically describes prosocial coping patterns alongside hormonal and social processes.

Option 2: 'Women are more reactive to stress than men.' This statement makes a general claim about overall reactivity by sex. Tend-and-befriend is not simply about who is more reactive; it emphasizes a particular pattern of affiliative, caregiving, and social bonding responses that can be more pronounced in certain contexts, but the core idea is about affiliative coping rather than a blanket statement about intensity of reactivity.

Option 3: 'Men are more dominant than women.' This option reflects a social or gender-role stereotype unrelated to the psychobiological concept of tend-and-befriend. Tend-and-befriend focuses on coping styles under stress, not on dominance hierarchies or gendered social power structures.

Option 4: 'Women tend to respond to stress with higher levels of affiliation on average than men.' This aligns with the tend-and-befriend model, which proposes that, in response to stress, individuals (often highlighting women) are more inclined to seek social support, form affiliations, and engage in cooperative, nurturing behaviors as a coping strategy, mediated in part by oxytocin and social bonding mechanisms.

Option 5: 'It is not adaptive to become anxious when under stress.' This statement misconstrues the concept; tend-and-befriend does not claim anxiety under stress is non-adaptive. Instead, it describes a specific adaptive pattern—forming alliances and seeking social support—as a means to cope with stress, which can be adaptive in many social environments.

Further clarification: The tend-and-befriend framework was proposed to explain how individuals, particularly women, mobilize social networks and affiliative behaviors as a response to stress, complementing or in some theories contrasting with fight-or-flight. It emphasizes social affiliation, caregiving, and cooperative behaviors as coping strategies that can reduce stress reactivity through social buffering and hormonal pathways. This makes option 4 the one that accurately captures the essence of the concept, while the other options either describe different notions or misrepresent the framework.

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The idea of tend-and-befriend is that:

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