In pure metals, strengthening can be produced by:

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The question presented is: 'In pure metals, strengthening can be produced by:' The provided data does not include the list of answer options, so I cannot map which choices correspond to (b), (c), or any other label. Without the actual options, I can only discuss the typical strengthening mechanisms relevant to pure (single-element) metals, and explain why certain mechanisms would or would not apply.

First, consider what counts as a 'pure metal' in this context: a material consisting of a single element with no intentional alloying or second phases. Strengthening mechanisms that rely on introducing another element or phase are not applicable in the strict sense to pure metals.

Possible strengthening mechanisms for pure metals include:
- Cold (plastic) work hardening: Deforming the metal at room temperature generates a high density of dislocations. Interactions between dislocations hinder further movement, increasing yield strength and hardness. This mechanism is inherently about the metal's internal defect structure and does not require any alloying or second phase.
- Grain size refinement (Hall–Petch effect): Reducing the grain size increases the total grain boundary area, which acts as barriers to dislocation motion. This can strengthen the metal even though it remains a single element. Techniques to achieve finer grains include thermomechanical processing and annealing with controlled recrystallization.

Non-applicable or not purely 'pure metal' mechanisms, depending on interpretation:
- Solid-solution (or solute) strengthening: This requires the presence of solute atoms of a different element dissolved in the parent metal lattice. In a truly pure metal, there are no solute atoms; therefore, conventional solid-solution strengthening does not apply.
- Precipitation (dispersion) strengthening: This relies on second-phase particles distributed within the metal matrix. In a 'pure' metal without alloying elements or second phases, this mechanism would not occur.
- Grain boundary precipitation or second-phase strengthening: Similar to precipitation strengthening, it depends on a second phase and thus is not applicable to a purely single-element metal.

If the answer choices (b) and (c) correspond to cold working and grain-size refinement (or equivalent ideas about dislocation strengthening and grain-boundary strengthening), then those are the mechanisms that can strengthen a pure metal. If instead the options claim solid solution strengthening or precipitation hardening, those would be incorrect for a truly pure metal because they rely on alloying or second-phase particles.

Since the actual answer options are missing from the provided data, I cannot determine which statements correspond to (b) and (c) or confirm which ones are correct within this specific question. To proceed, please supply the full list of answer options so I can analyze each option precisely and map them to the (b) and (c) labels as requested.

Dashboard MOODLE Quiz W06 (Phase Transformations and Non-ferrous alloys)

In pure metals, strengthening can be produced by:

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