Which of the following statements are TRUE regarding soft power?

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Question: Which of the following statements are TRUE regarding soft power?

Option 1: 'Realist scholars think that soft power matters for understanding global international relations today' — Realist theory emphasizes hard power (military and economic might) and coercive capabilities more than attraction or cultural influence. While some realists may acknowledge its relevance, the core claim that soft power 'matters' within realism is not central to realist theory. Therefore this statement is not a universally accepted True characterization of soft power within the realist framework.

Option 2: 'It may be directly supported by governments' — Soft power arises from attraction, legitimacy, and culture, not from coercive force. Governments can support soft power through cultural diplomacy and public diplomacy, but the essence of soft power is not about direct government coercion or overt state power. The phrase 'directly supported by governments' is ambiguous and could be interpreted as implying soft power is a government tool in the same way as hard power; this makes the statement questionable as a general truth about soft power. Thus, this option is not a precise true description of the core concept.

Option 3: 'It describes the ability to influence others through cultural appeal' — This is a direct, accurate definition of soft power. Joseph Nye’s concept frames soft power as the capacity to shape the preferences of others through appeal, culture, shared values, and positive attractors rather than coercion or payment. This statement aligns exactly with the official understanding of soft power.

Option 4: 'It describes the ability to influence other states by threatening to use military force, rather than actually using it' — This describes hard power or coercive power, not soft power. Soft power is about attraction and voluntary alignment, not about threats or intimidation. Therefore, this statement is false.

In summary, Option 3 is the true statement describing soft power, while Options 1, 2, and 4 contain inaccuracies or mischaracterizations related to the core concept of soft power.

Which of the following statements are TRUE regarding soft power?

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