Which of the following are characteristics of effective social movements, as discussed in the lectures?

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In analyzing the question about characteristics of effective social movements discussed in the lectures, I will evaluate each option against common sociopolitical theories of social movements.
Option 1: 'They mobilize large numbers of ordinary people, and build coalitions with external allies' This aligns with classic movement theory, which emphasizes mass participation and strategic alliances beyond the core group to increase legitimacy, resources, and reach. The idea that broad participation and coalition-building underpin effectiveness is a common, evidence-supported claim.
Option 2: 'They use framing techniques to get people to understand and join their movement' Framing is a central concept in movement studies, where presenting issues in a way that resonates with potential supporters helps recruit and maintain participation. This option accurately reflects an accepted tactic for effective movements, highlighting the cognitive and communicative work involved.
Option 3: 'They successfully identify a single leader and group that organizes all movement participants' This is typically inaccurate as most movements are decentralized or involve multiple actors and fracturing leadership. The notion of a single leader who organizes everyone fails to capture real-world dynamics where leadership is distributed, contested, or fluid, making this option incorrect.
Option 4: 'They tend to use a narrow range of tactics, avoiding violence' In practice, effective movements often employ a diverse toolkit of tactics (nonviolent protest, civil resistance, lobbying, digital campaigns, civil disobedience, etc.). The claim of a narrow range and avoidance of violence is overly restrictive and not characteristic of many successful movements, thus this option is inaccurate.

Which of the following are characteristics of effective social movements, as discussed in the lectures?

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