According to Social Dominance Theory, group-based social hierarchies emerge from

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The question asks about Social Dominance Theory and what its view is on how group-based social hierarchies emerge. 
Option 1: 'the different adaptive problems faced by our ancestors.' This choice aligns more with evolutionary theories about domain-specific problems and cognitive adaptations, but Social Dominance Theory focuses on group-based hierarchies, discrimination, and institutionalized power rather than explaining hierarchies as solutions to ancestral problems.
Option 2: 'systems of discrimination that operate on the individual, interpersonal, and institutional level.' This option captures the core thrust of Social Dominance Theory, which posits that hierarchical group relations are maintained by system-justifying beliefs and discrimination that can be observed at multiple levels, including personal attitudes, everyday interactions, and formal structures within institutions.
Option 3: 'fair and legitimate systems of social reward.' This is inconsistent with Social Dominance Theory, which emphasizes mechanisms that sustain inequality and domination, often through coercive or biased practices, rather than presenting hierarchies as inherently fair or legitimate.
Option 4: 'certain groups being more fit to survive in their environment.' This phrasing mirrors biological or evolutionary fitness ideas, but Social Dominance Theory does not frame social hierarchies as fitness differentials in an ecological sense; it explains hierarchies in terms of power, ideology, and systemic discrimination rather than differential survival advantages.
By comparing these options, the second choice uniquely reflects the multi-level, systemic nature of social hierarchies described by Social Dominance Theory, highlighting how discrimination operates across personal, interpersonal, and institutional domains to sustain group-based domination.

PSYC_V 320 992 2024W2 Module 1 Quiz

According to Social Dominance Theory, group-based social hierarchies emerge from

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