Chromosomal differences between males and females are determined in humans at conception.

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This true/false item asks about when chromosomal differences between males and females are established in humans. 
Option 1: True. In humans, chromosomal sex is established at conception when the sperm delivering either an X or a Y chromosome fertilizes the egg carrying an X. The combination XX typically develops as female and XY typically develops as male, with the Y chromosome carrying the SRY gene that initiates male-typical gonadal development. Thus, the chromosomal basis for sex is set at fertilization, before much of gonadal differentiation occurs. 
Option 2: False. If one claimed that chromosomal sex is determined after conception, or at some later developmental stage, that would contradict the basic chromosomal mechanism: the sex chromosomes present at fertilization determine genetic sex, and subsequent development follows from that initial genetic blueprint. However, the early chromosomal pair is already set at the moment of fertilization, not after. 
Additional nuance: while hormonal and environmental factors can influence the degree of development and secondary sexual characteristics after conception, the fundamental chromosomal difference between typical male and female karyotypes (XY vs XX) is defined at conception and remains constant thereafter. Therefore, the statement that chromosomal differences are determined at conception aligns with standard human genetics understanding. 
Overall, interpreting the statement as a reflection of chromosomal determination timing supports the affirmative view, while suggesting the negative view overlooks the genetic origin and timing.

ANTH 1050-090 Fall 2025 ANTH 1050-090 Exam 1

Chromosomal differences between males and females are determined in humans at conception.

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