______ is the difference between the results of a sample and those of the population and can occur with the best methods of sampling.

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BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

The prompt asks us to identify the term for the difference between the results obtained from a sample and the true population values, noting that this discrepancy can occur even with well-designed sampling.
Because the list of answer choices is not provided, we cannot evaluate each alternative one by one. Instead, we can explore the key concept and why the labeled option aligns with it.
Conceptually, sampling error refers to the variability that arises because a sample is only a subset of the population. Even with random sampling and proper techniques, the sample statistics (like a sample mean or proportion) will not match the population parameters exactly, due to natural randomness in who is included in the sample. This mismatch decreases as sample size grows, but it cannot be eliminated entirely in finite samples.
In typical multiple-choice items about sampling, the common distractors might involve terms such as bias, nonresponse error, coverage error, or measurement error. Bias differs from sampling error in that it represents a systematic deviation in the estimate, not random fluctuation. Nonresponse error relates to missing data from some selected units, while coverage error concerns the sampling frame not representing the population. Measurement error refers to inaccuracies in data collection rather than the sampling process itself.
Given that the statement specifies 'the difference between the results of a sample and those of the population' and acknowledges that this can occur even with good methods, the most precise and standard term is sampling error. The explanation rests on the distinction between random sample variability (sampling error) and systematic distortions (bias and other errors).
If we had the other options, we would compare each one's definition to these concepts: only random sampling variability corresponds to sampling error; any option describing systematic bias, coverage issues, or nonresponse would be incorrect for this particular wording.
In summary, the core idea is that sampling error captures the natural discrepancy between sample results and population values due to randomness in who ends up in the sample, even when sampling methods are sound.

PHTH2210.42061.202540 Module 4: Quiz

______ is the difference between the results of a sample and those of the population and can occur with the best methods of sampling.

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