Wide row spacings (40cm) in broadacre cropping …

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Question restatement: The topic asks about wide row spacings (40 cm) in broadacre cropping and what effects or benefits this spacing might have.
Option 1: Increase the density of plants along the drill row. This suggests packing more plants into the row to boost local plant numbers. In a system with 40 cm wide rows, increasing in-row density could be at odds with the purpose of wide spacing, which is often to reduce competition and improve air flow, residue movement, and overall stand establishment. Therefore, this option may not align with the intended outcome of wide row spacings.
Option 2: All of these. This choice asserts that multiple listed benefits occur together when using 40 cm spacings. To evaluate this, we need to consider each other option and whether those potential benefits could plausibly coexist with wide spacings, keeping in mind that broad assumptions like “all” must hold only if every listed effect is credible.
Option 3: Increase the yield in low yielding, low rainfall areas. In dry or marginal environments, wider spacings can sometimes improve water use efficiency, reduce pest or disease pressure, or allow more light and air movement through the canopy, potentially supporting yield. However, the net effect is highly context dependent, and wider spacings can also reduce total plant density and thus total yield in some scenarios. This option could be true in specific conditions but is not universally guaranteed.
Option 4: Allow easier management of trash during sowing of paddocks with high stubble loads. Wider row spacings can indeed facilitate machinery passage and reduce clogging when there is a lot of crop residue or “trash,” making sowing and initial crop establishment more manageable in stubble-rich paddocks. This is a plausible, concrete benefit of wide row spacings.
Option-by-option analysis summary: 
- A (increase in-row density) appears misaligned with the design purpose of 40 cm rows, which typically aim to reduce intra-row competition and improve other factors, so this is likely weak.
- B (All of these) hinges on whether both C and D are credible in practice; if either C or D is questionable, B becomes less defensible.
- C (increase yield in low yielding, low rainfall areas) has conditional support but is not universally guaranteed and depends on site-year interactions, resource availability, and cultivar responses.
- D (easier management of trash with high stubble) is a concrete and plausible benefit that aligns with the practical challenges of sowing into heavy stubble.
Overall, the reasoning for selecting a final option would weigh whether the benefits described in C and D are genuinely realized across typical broadacre contexts with 40 cm row spacing, and whether the notion in A is consistent with the spacing strategy. If the exam intends that all the listed options could be true under the use of wide spacings, then B would be the correct choice; if not, the specific benefits (like D) may stand independently as credible advantages while A remains unlikely and C remains context-dependent.

AGRI20037_2025_SM2 3. Vegetative Phase and Nutrition Review

Wide row spacings (40cm) in broadacre cropping …

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