Gordon has both chronic pain and chronic insomnia. He abuses substances in an attempt to ease his pain. All three of these factors can be considered

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The stem presents Gordon with chronic pain, chronic insomnia, and substance abuse as an attempt to ease pain. This setup invites evaluation of how these factors relate to psychological disorders.
Option a: 'a. risk factors for psychological disorders.' This choice identifies that chronic pain, insomnia, and substance abuse can increase the likelihood of developing psychological disorders by contributing to stress, coping deficits, and biological/neurological changes that predispose someone to mental health issues. The combination of physical symptoms and maladaptive coping (substance use) is well aligned with what researchers call risk factors.
Option b: 'b. hallmarks for the emergence of any psychological disorder.' Hallmarks would imply specific, defining symptoms or markers that signal the onset of a disorder. The described trio are risk factors and correlates, not universal hallmarks or diagnostic criteria themselves. They indicate increased probability, not guaranteed onset.
Option c: 'c. protective factors for psychological disorders.' Protective factors are conditions that reduce risk or buffer against developing disorders (e.g., strong social support, coping skills). Chronic pain, insomnia, and substance abuse are typically risk-enhancing, not protective, so this option mischaracterizes the scenario.
Option d: 'd. irrelevant to the development of psychological disorders.' Given substantial evidence linking chronic pain, sleep disturbance, and substance use to higher rates of anxiety, depression, and other conditions, labeling these factors as irrelevant would ignore well-established associations and pathophysiology, making this option incorrect.

PSY 200 (003) Fall 2025 Introduction to Psychology (TR, 1:30pm)

Gordon has both chronic pain and chronic insomnia. He abuses substances in an attempt to ease his pain. All three of these factors can be considered

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