(CISA exam, adapted) To ensure confidentiality in an asymmetric-key encryption system, knowledge of which of the following keys is required to decrypt the received message?

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When considering confidentiality in an asymmetric-key encryption system, the decryption of a message is performed with a specific key that is kept secret by the recipient.
Option 1: 'Public key' — This key is typically used to encrypt messages or verify signatures, not to decrypt them. If decryption used the public key, confidentiality would be compromised because the public key is widely shareable.
Option 2: 'Neither the private key nor the public key is required.' — This contradicts the fundamental mechanism of asymmetric cryptography, where at least one key is involved in decryption; without a key, decryption cannot occur.
Option 3: 'Both keys are required.' — In standard asymmetric schemes, encryption and decryption do not require both keys to perform a single operation; encryption uses one key (usually the public key) and decryption uses the other (the private key). Requiring both would defeat the purpose of separation of duties and confidentiality.
Option 4: 'Private key' — This is the correct choice. In most asymmetric systems, the private key is the secret key held by the intended recipient, and it is the key used to decrypt messages that were encrypted with the corresponding public key, thereby preserving confidentiality.

(CISA exam, adapted) To ensure confidentiality in an asymmetric-key encryption system, knowledge of which of the following keys is required to decrypt the received message?

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