If an intervention fails to produce the expected results, but the process evaluation shows that it was delivered as planned, this suggests:

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The question asks us to interpret a scenario where an intervention did not yield the expected results, yet the process evaluation confirms that the intervention was delivered as planned.
Option 1: 'The participants lied' — This option attributes the failure to deception or misreporting by participants. However, process evaluation focuses on fidelity of delivery, not on participants’ honesty about outcomes. If delivery was truly as planned, participant lying is not the parsimonious explanation for a lack of effect and would be an unlikely primary cause given the information provided.
Option 2: 'Theory Failure' — This option suggests that the underlying theory or assumed mechanism driving the intervention’s effect did not operate in the real world, even though the intervention was delivered correctly. This aligns with a scenario where fidelity is confirmed but expected change does not occur because the hypothesized causal pathway is not valid or insufficient in the given context. It captures the idea that the intervention’s logic model may be flawed or incomplete.
Option 3: 'Measurement Error' — This would mean the outcome assessment itself is biased or unreliable, producing incorrect results. But the stem specifies that process evaluation showed the intervention was delivered as planned; measurement error would pertain to the outcome data, not the delivery process. Without evidence about outcome measurement validity, this is a less direct fit to the given information than theory failure.
Option 4: 'Implementation Failure' — This option would imply that the intervention was not implemented as intended. Since the stem explicitly states that process evaluation shows it was delivered as planned, this option contradicts the provided evidence and is therefore inconsistent with the scenario.
In summary, we weigh fidelity of delivery against the observed lack of effect. Deception by participants is not supported by process checks. Measurement error could exist but is not the most direct explanation given explicit delivery fidelity. Implementation failure is ruled out by the stated delivery as planned. This leaves theory-related issues as the most plausible category for explaining a non-effect when implementation fidelity is high.

KNHES 4525 AU2025 (11047) Exam 2

If an intervention fails to produce the expected results, but the process evaluation shows that it was delivered as planned, this suggests:

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