Tarsiers are included with anthropoids in the primate suborder Haplorhini because

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The question asks why tarsiers are included with anthropoids in the primate suborder Haplorhini. However, the provided data does not include the answer options, so it isn’t possible to evaluate which choices correspond to the correct reasoning. What we can do is outline the key reasoning that underlies the standard taxonomic placement of tarsiers within Haplorhini, and then discuss how common answer options typically align with that reasoning.

First, consider what Haplorhini represents. Haplorhines are the “dry-nosed” primates, a group that includes tarsiers and the Anthropoidea (monkeys, apes, and humans). A classic anatomical basis for this grouping is the absence of the tapetum lucidum (the light-reflecting layer behind the retina) and the presence of a dry nose as opposed to the moist, bare rhinarium found in Strepsirrhini (lemurs and lorises). In addition, Haplorhines generally show greater fusion of facial and cranial features (such as postorbital closure) and lack certain primitive traits seen in strepsirrhines, like tooth combs. These shared derived characteristics support placing tarsiers with anthropoids within Haplorhini.

Option reasoning that is commonly seen in exams often includes two themes that might be labeled as b and c in missing options:
- If an option says tarsiers lack a tapetum lucidum, this aligns with Haplorhini, since strepsirrhines typically have a tapetum and a moist rhinarium, whereas haplorhines (including tarsiers) do not. This trait is a synapomorphy reinforcing the dry-nosed Haplorhini clade.
- If an option says tarsiers have a complete postorbital barr and postorbital closure (or lack a postorbital bar in a particular configuration that is characteristic of Haplorhini), this also supports Haplorhini membership, since haplorhines generally exhibit a complete orbit to skull barrier that helps distinguish them from many strepsirrhines.

To critique common distractors (the incorrect choices you might see in b, c, or other letters):
- An option claiming tarsiers are grouped with anthropoids solely due to nocturnal behavior would be misleading. Behavior can be convergent and is not a primary taxonomic character for this split. The classification rests on skeletal, dental, and cranial features, plus genetic data.
- An option attributing tarsiers to Strepsirrhini because of similarities in size or diet would be incorrect. Size and diet are ecological traits that do not define the clade; many different primates share similar diets and sizes but belong to different lineages.
- An option asserting a single, arbitrary trait (for example, only sharing a specific tooth pattern) would be too narrow. Taxonomic placement typically relies on a suite of characters (morphological and molecular) rather than a single feature.

If you can share the actual text of options b and c (or all options), I can map each one to this framework and explain precisely why each is correct or incorrect, referencing the relevant anatomical and evolutionary concepts. In the meantime, the core rationale is that tarsiers are placed in Haplorhini because they share dry-nosed, non-tapetal, postorbital features with other haplorhines, and because molecular data corroborates this grouping, distinguishing them from true strepsirrhines.

ANT2000-25Summer AW60 Quiz 4

Tarsiers are included with anthropoids in the primate suborder Haplorhini because

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