The type of succession that occurs after a volcanic eruption lays down new rock is:

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The question asks about the type of ecological succession that occurs after a volcanic eruption lays down new rock.
Option 1: 'Tertiary succession' is not a standard, widely recognized term in ecology for a specific stage of succession, so labeling it as the type here is misleading.
Option 2: 'Primary succession' correctly describes the process that begins on newly formed, barren rock with no soil, such as fresh lava flows where pioneer species colonize exposed rock and slowly build soil.
Option 3: 'Quaternary succession' is not a recognized category in classic succession theory, making this option scientifically inaccurate.
Option 4: 'Secondary succession' refers to recovery after a disturbance where soil and some organisms remain; since volcanic eruptions can erase soil and established communities, the situation aligns with primary succession, not secondary.
In this scenario, the key distinction is whether soil and previous biotic material exist. New rock from a volcanic eruption provides a bare substrate requiring primary colonization, so the correct description is primary succession. The other choices either refer to nonstandard terms or describe processes that assume remaining soil or communities, which are not present in freshly formed volcanic rock.

Biol 1106 Rosenzweig Sp2025 CRN's11552 & 11553 Exam 4 Lessons 19-23 - Requires Respondus LockDown Browser

The type of succession that occurs after a volcanic eruption lays down new rock is:

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