Against which historical background was Edward Said’s book Orientalism written?

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To begin, let’s consider what Edward Said’s Orientalism is generally about: a critique of how the West has constructed “the East” through scholarly, cultural, and political representations, and how these representations supported colonial and imperial power. With that in mind, evaluate each option separately.
Option a: 'The Gulf War' — The Gulf War occurred in 1990–1991, long after Orientalism was first published in 1978. While Said’s ideas have been applied to contemporary events, this choice does not match the historical backdrop most closely associated with the book’s origin and central argument. It risks projecting late-1990s/early-1990s contexts onto a work that predates them.
Option b: 'The British occupation of Egypt' — Although orientalist discourse is deeply tied to British imperialism and classic colonial contexts, Orientalism as Said conceived it is broader: it examines Western representations across various empires and later postcolonial settings. The question asks for the historical backdrop against which the book was written, and while imperial contexts inform the critique, this option narrows the backdrop to a specific event rather than the larger milieu in which Said was writing in the 1960s–70s.
Option c: 'The Vietnam War' — This choice aligns with the broader historical moment in which Orientalism was developed and published. Said wrote during the postwar period when decolonization, anti-imperialist critique, and reactions to Western intervention were prominent in intellectual circles. The Vietnam War exemplified the clash of Western power and non-Western societies, and the war’s rhetoric and ensuing debates influenced scholars analyzing Western representations of the East. This makes it the best-fitting backdrop among the options.
Option d: 'The US-led coalition’s invasion of Iraq' — The 2003 invasion occurred well after Orientalism was published and cannot be the historical backdrop for Said’s original argument. While Said revisited his ideas in light of new interventions, the core book stems from earlier debates and the postcolonial turn of the 1970s, not the 2000s wartime context.
In summary, each incorrect option either points to a later event (Gulf War, 2003 Iraq invasion) or narrows the backdrop to a single historical episode rather than the broader milieu (British occupation of Egypt). The Vietnam War option accurately reflects the late-20th-century context in which Orientalism was produced and engaged with questions of empire, representation, and resistance, making it the most fitting backdrop for Said’s work in its original intellectual moment.

Against which historical background was Edward Said’s book Orientalism written?

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