How do firms in perfect competition determine their price and level of output?

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BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

The question asks us to evaluate how firms in perfect competition determine price and output, given four possible statements.
Option a: 'Price is determined by the market; output is determined by the level of demand.' This is not accurate for optimal firm behavior. In perfect competition, while the market determines the price (since many firms and price takers collectively set the going market price), the firm does not choose output based on the overall level of demand alone. Instead, the firm looks at its own cost structure and marginal conditions to decide how much to produce.
Option b: 'Price is determined by the firm; output is determined by the level of demand.' This reverses the reality in perfect competition. Individual firms are price takers; they do not set price. They respond to the market price and choose output based on marginal costs and marginal revenue, not merely demand levels.
Option c: 'Price is determined by the market; output is determined by marginal costs and marginal revenue.' This aligns with standard theory. The market sets the price, and the firm maximizes profit by producing the quantity where marginal revenue equals marginal cost (or, for a perfectly competitive firm, where P = MR = MC). Since price equals marginal revenue in perfect competition, the optimal output is the one where MC = P (or MR).
Option d: 'Price is determined by the firm; output is determined by marginal costs and marginal revenue.' This again misstates the price setting in perfect competition. The firm does not determine price; it takes the market price as given. Output decisions depend on MR and MC, but the incorrect part is the assertion that the firm determines price.
Overall, the core distinction is that price is exogenous from the market, while output is chosen by comparing marginal costs to marginal revenue (which, in perfect competition, equals the market price). The incorrect options mix up who determines price or overstate how demand alone drives output, which is not how profit-maximizing firms behave in a perfectly competitive market.

MUF0061 Economics Unit 1 - Semester 2, 2025 Perfect Competition- Video and Quiz

How do firms in perfect competition determine their price and level of output?

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