Question at position 68 Richard experiences unexpected episodes of intense fear, accompanied by shortness of breath and the thought that he might be going crazy. He constantly fears the onset of these episodes. Richard most likely suffers from:generalized anxiety disorderspecific phobiapanic disorderobsessive-compulsive disorder

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The scenario describes sudden, intense surges of fear (panic attacks) that are unexpected, with accompanying symptoms such as shortness of breath and a persistent fear that these episodes will recur or that the person is losing control. This pattern is most characteristic of a panic-related condition, where sudden attacks occur and there is ongoing worry about having more attacks.

Option 1: generalized anxiety disorder – This involves chronic, excessive worry about a variety of life domains (work, health, finances) that lasts most days for at least six months, rather than discrete, abrupt attacks. The focus on pervasive worry differentiates it from discrete panic episodes.

Option 2: specific phobia – This is marked by intense fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation (e.g., heights, spiders). The fear is tied to a specific trigger, not to recurrent panic attacks or fear of having attacks.

Option 3: panic disorder – This condition centers on recurrent, unexpected panic attacks and a persistent concern about additional attacks or significant behavioral changes related to the attacks. The description given aligns with this pattern.

Option 4: obsessive-compulsive disorder – OCD features prominent obsessions (intrusive, unwanted thoughts) and/or compulsions (repetitive behaviors) performed to reduce distress. The presentation here emphasizes panic episodes rather than obsessive thoughts or ritual behaviors.

In summary, the combination of sudden panic-like episodes and ongoing fear of experiencing more attacks best fits a panic disorder, while the other options describe different anxiety-related conditions with distinct symptom patterns.

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