Which of the following are common drawbacks (disadvantages) of a file-based approach to storing data? Check all that apply.

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The question asks us to identify the common drawbacks of a file-based approach to storing data, and to mark all that apply. 
Option 1: frequent data inconsistency. In a file-based system, there is often no centralized control over data, which can lead to inconsistencies as updates occur in multiple files without coordinated rules. This makes data get out of sync across different parts of the system. 
Option 2: lack of insulation between application and data. A file-based approach tends to tie the application logic directly to the data storage format and structure, reducing modularity and making changes to data storage more invasive to the application code. 
Option 3: increased data redundancy. Without a central schema or relational structure, the same data may be duplicated across multiple files or records, wasting storage and complicating maintenance. 
Option 4: no enforcement of data integrity constraints. In many file-based setups, there is no built-in mechanism to enforce rules such as referential integrity, uniqueness, or valid ranges, so invalid data can be introduced more easily. 
Option 5: cost of database management system. This item describes a cost associated with using a database management system (DBMS). In a pure file-based approach, you typically do not incur DBMS costs, since there is no DBMS involved. Therefore, this is not a drawback of a file-based approach; rather, it is a consideration when choosing between file storage and a DBMS. 
Putting these together, the true drawbacks among the options are: frequent data inconsistency, lack of insulation between application and data, increased data redundancy, and no enforcement of data integrity constraints. The cost of a database management system is not a drawback of the file-based approach, and in fact the absence of a DBMS is one of its distinctions.

CS3200.MERGED.SU-1-2025 ASSIGNMENT 01.1: Demonstrate Knowledge on Database Systems

Which of the following are common drawbacks (disadvantages) of a file-based approach to storing data? Check all that apply.

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