Harari characterizes pre-agricultural humans as having minimal impact on every environment they inhabited.

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When evaluating the statement, we should first clarify what Harari conveys about pre-agricultural humans and their environmental impact.
Option 1: True. If one reads the claim as a blanket statement that hunter-gatherer societies left almost no trace on the landscapes they inhabited, this would oversimplify Harari’s nuanced position. He notes that while these populations were smaller and their technologies less transformative than later agricultural societies, they still shaped their environments in several ways, such as controlled burning to manage habitats, selective hunting that affected animal populations, and localized alterations of ecosystems. Labeling their impact as universally “minimal” across all environments ignores these context-driven actions and the varying degrees of influence across different regions and time periods.
Option 2: False. This option aligns more closely with Harari’s emphasis on the capacity of human groups to modify their surroundings even before farming. He describes how humans affected flora and fauna through practices like fire regimes, hunting pressures, and habitat management, which could produce meaningful ecological changes in particular locales. Moreover, the scale of impact was not uniform; it depended on regional ecology, population density, and technological capabilities, meaning the claim of a universal minimal impact over every environment is inaccurate.
In summarizing why Option 1 is not an accurate encapsulation, consider that Harari’s portrayal is historically contingent rather than absolute. Pre-agricultural humans did interact with and alter various ecosystems, even if their aggregate ecological footprint was different in scale compared with later agricultural and industrial societies. This nuance makes the blanket statement of minimal impact across all environments insufficient.
If you weigh the nuances, the core tension in the statement arises from the absolute phrase “minimal impact on every environment,” which clashes with documented observations of region-specific ecosystem modifications by hunter-gatherer groups.

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Harari characterizes pre-agricultural humans as having minimal impact on every environment they inhabited.

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