Actor-Network Theory (or ANT) is an approach to social theory that treats technologies as networks of human and non-human actors. ANT calls for symmetry, with human and non-human actors being treated and discussed in the same terms. For example (as provided by Orlando), in your car, what is the process of deciding to wear a seatbelt? While you can start the car without doing up the seatbelt, cars today produce a loud and annoying sound until you ‘buckle up’. Doing the right thing in this situation is not an entirely human moral decision, but is partially distributed to a non-human actor: the car! Which social theorist is attributed with developing and formalising this theory?

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The question presents ANT (Actor-Network Theory) as a social theory that treats human and non-human actors with symmetry, and asks which social theorist is attributed with developing and formalising this theory.
Option a: Latour. Bruno Latour is one of the central figures associated with developing and formalising ANT, along with colleagues like Michael Callon and John Law; his work helped articulate the idea of heterogeneous networks and the symmetry between human and non-human actors. This makes option a a strong candidate.
Option b: Dugdale. There is no widely recognized attribution of ANT development to a theorist named Dugdale in the canonical literature on Actor-Network Theory; this name does not align with the core proponents of ANT.
Option c: Orlando. While your question references an example attributed to Orlando in the context of a car’s seatbelt, Orlando is not known as the originator or formaliser of ANT; the example is used illustratively rather than as a claim about the theorist.
Option d: Wajcman. Judy Wajcman is a prominent scholar in science and technology studies and has written on technology and gender, but she is not considered the founder or primary formaliser of ANT; her work engages with related but distinct lines of inquiry within the field.
Option e: Chayko. Michael Chayko is associated with social science topics such as technology and social change, but he is not recognized as a founder or formaliser of Actor-Network Theory; this option does not align with the historical development of ANT.
In summary, among the listed options, Latour is the figure most closely associated with developing and formalising Actor-Network Theory, while the other names do not hold that role within the standard scholarly accounts of ANT.

ATS1366 - S2 2025 Quiz 2 (Weeks 5-7) (5%)

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