In a cross-sectional study of the association between alcohol consumption and dementia, the most appropriate effect measure to calculate is:

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In a cross-sectional study, the data capture exposure and outcome at a single point in time, which means we are typically assessing prevalence rather than incidence. 
Option 1: odds ratio. This is commonly used in cross-sectional analyses because logistic regression—frequently applied to cross-sectional data—produces an odds ratio as the measure of association. It is a valid and widely used effect size for the association between alcohol consumption (exposure) and dementia (outcome) in this study design. 
Option 2: relative risk. Relative risk (risk ratio) is most directly interpretable for cohort studies where incidence over time can be observed. In a cross-sectional study, we do not have incidence, making RR not directly estimable without strong assumptions or special methods, so it is not the most appropriate default measure here. 
Option 3: population attributable risk. PAF quantifies the proportion of cases in the population attributable to the exposure and typically relies on incidence or risk data over time; it is not a direct measure of association between exposure and disease in a cross-sectional snapshot, and would require additional data and assumptions beyond what a basic cross-sectional analysis provides. 
Option 4: risk difference. The risk difference reflects absolute difference in risk/prevalence between exposure groups, which again presupposes a clear estimate of risk or incidence in a temporal sense; in a cross-sectional context, especially when outcomes are relatively common, it is less straightforward to estimate and interpret compared to an odds ratio within standard cross-sectional analyses. 
Overall, given the cross-sectional design and common analytic approaches, the odds ratio is the most appropriate and routinely used effect measure among the options provided, while the other measures face limitations or require data not readily available from a cross-sectional snapshot.

PUBHEPI 2410 AU2025 (1751) Quiz 6: Epi Study Designs, Ecologic and Cross-Sectional Studies

In a cross-sectional study of the association between alcohol consumption and dementia, the most appropriate effect measure to calculate is:

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