Which of the following is not an example of a behavioural nudge?

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Question context: identifying which option is not a behavioural nudge. A behavioural nudge typically involves subtle changes in choice architecture that steer people toward a desired behavior without forbidding options or significantly changing economic incentives.
Option a: 'Marketing campaign on the harmful effects of alcohol to reduce the number of people binge drinking.' This is a classic informational or persuasive public health approach, which can influence behavior, but it’s often considered more of a traditional awareness campaign rather than a subtle nudge in choice architecture. It’s arguable whether this counts strictly as a behavioural nudge, but it centers on information dissemination rather than altering choices in situ.
Option b: 'Placing daily sweet treats at the cash register, e.g., lollies and chocolates for children.' This directly changes the physical environment at the moment of decision, increasing the likelihood of impulse purchases. It fits the definition of a behavioural nudge through positioning and defaults in the shopping context.
Option c: 'A weekly staff newsletter congratulating staff on their good work practices.' This is an informational reinforcement or praise activity. It aims to influence motivation and social norms but does not modify the choice environment or options available to a user, which makes it less of a behavioural nudge in the decision-context sense.
Option d: 'A government excise tax on cigarettes to reduce the number of people smoking and the impact of second-hand smoke.' This is a direct financial disincentive implemented as a tax. It changes the cost-benefit calculations explicitly and is a standard policy tool, not a behavioural nudge that operates through subtle choice architecture alone.
Summary of which options align with nudging: option b clearly embodies a behavioural nudge by altering present choices; option a and option c are more informational or normative in nature and don’t reshape choice architecture as directly; option d acts through price mechanism and policy levers, not through subtle cues or arrangement of choices. The question asks which is not a behavioural nudge, so the strongest non-nudge candidate is option d. Each option has been analyzed in terms of how it interacts with behavior change mechanisms and whether it fits the classic nudging definition.

Which of the following is not an example of a behavioural nudge?

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