Compared to neuromodulators, traditional neurotransmitters are different because they...

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When comparing traditional neurotransmitters to neuromodulators, we need to evaluate what each option claims and how it fits with known neurochemical distinctions.
Option a: '... are naturally occurring chemicals synthesised by special neurons in the brain.' Both traditional neurotransmitters and neuromodulators are synthesized by neurons. The phrase 'special neurons' adds no meaningful distinction and is not an accurate differentiator between the two classes. This makes the statement misleading as a sole differentiator.
Option b: '... typically affect larger groups of neurons.' This describes neuromodulators more accurately, not traditional neurotransmitters. Neuromodulators often diffuse to influence larger networks and have more widespread, slower effects, whereas traditional neurotransmitters typically act at well-defined synapses on specific postsynaptic targets. Therefore, this option characterizes neuromodulators rather than traditional neurotransmitters and is incorrect as the stated difference.
Option c: '... are always released from presynaptic terminals after the neuron fires.' This captures a core conventional view: traditional neurotransmitters are released from presynaptic terminals in response to action potentials, mediating fast, point-to-point synaptic transmission. The word 'always' is strong, but the general principle aligns with the classic distinction that neurotransmitters are released at synapses from presynaptic terminals, whereas neuromodulators can be released from non-synaptic sites and can have diffuse effects. This option reflects the key practical difference in release site and mode of action between the two classes, making it the best answer among the choices.
Option d: '... are slower in neurotransmission' This is incorrect because traditional neurotransmitters mediate fast synaptic transmission, whereas neuromodulators are typically slower. Labeling traditional neurotransmitters as slower contradicts the established understanding and would be inaccurate.
In summary, option c most closely aligns with the fundamental distinction commonly taught: traditional neurotransmitters are released from presynaptic terminals in response to neuronal firing to mediate rapid, targeted signaling, whereas neuromodulators often engage broader, slower modulation via diffuse release.

PSYC20006_2025_SM1 Exam: Biological Psychology (PSYC20006_2025_SM1)- Requires Respondus LockDown Browser

Compared to neuromodulators, traditional neurotransmitters are different because they...

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