Co-transmission describes the process whereby:

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Topic focus: co-transmission in neuronal communication, i.e., how neurons can utilize more than one transmitter.
Option 1: 'a single neuron can release more than one neurotransmitter substance.' This is the classic definition of co-transmission. Many neurons package multiple transmitter substances into vesicles and release them together or in a regulated sequence, allowing nuanced signaling at the synapse.
Option 2: 'different neurotransmitters produce the same functional effects.' While it's true that distinct transmitters can sometimes produce similar outcomes, this statement does not describe co-transmission itself. Co-transmission is about the coexistence of transmitters within the same neuron, not about functional equivalence.
Option 3: 'different neurotransmitters produce synergistic effects.' Synergistic effects can occur when multiple transmitters interact to enhance a response, but co-transmission specifically concerns the presence and release of more than one transmitter from the same neuron, not necessarily the nature of their interaction. This option describes a possible consequence but not the core concept.
Option 4: 'different neurotransmitters produce the opposite functional effects.' Opposing effects between transmitters can happen (e.g., modulatory balance), but this option misstates co-transmission by implying that the key feature is opposite outcomes. Co-transmission does not require opposite actions; it requires the presence of multiple transmitters in one neuron.
Overall, evaluating the options shows that the defining feature of co-transmission is that a single neuron can release more than one neurotransmitter substance, which aligns with Option 1.

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Co-transmission describes the process whereby:

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