Pretend you and your friend are skiing. Your friend takes off down the slope ahead of you. He does not see a tree in time, hits it and crashes. When you get to your friend, he is conscious but he states that his head hurts, and you notice a big gash at the back of his head and a large rock nearby. You get help, and your friend is rushed to the hospital. After the Emergency Room doctor stitches up your friend's head, she wants to rule out a brain bleed. Which of the following noninvasive tests could she order to observe if your friend has a brain bleed?

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In this scenario, the clinician is concerned about a potential brain bleed (intracranial hemorrhage) after head trauma, and noninvasive imaging is used to detect bleeding or bleeding-related changes.
Option 1: CT scan. A noncontrast CT scan of the head is the first-line, rapid, noninvasive test to detect acute intracranial hemorrhage. It is highly sensitive for blood in the brain soon after injury and is commonly used in emergency settings to make quick treatment decisions.
Option 2: MRI. Magnetic resonance imaging can detect brain bleeds and contusions with high sensitivity, and certain sequences (like gradient-echo or susceptibility-weighted imaging) are particularly good at identifying blood products. While it is more time-consuming and less readily available in emergencies, it is still a noninvasive imaging modality suitable for evaluating brain injury when CT results are inconclusive or when more detail is needed.
Option 3: Patch Clamp. This technique measures ionic currents across individual cells and is performed in research or specialized clinical labs, not as a routine noninvasive imaging test for detecting brain bleeds. It is invasive at the cellular or tissue level and not applicable for initial assessment of hemorrhage.
Option 4: Neurosurgery. Neurosurgery is a medical specialty and not a diagnostic test. It would be involved in treatment planning if a bleed or other pathology is confirmed, but it does not serve as a noninvasive observation method for bleeding.
Option 5: PET scan. Positron emission tomography images metabolic activity and is not a standard tool for acute detection of intracranial hemorrhage. It is more about functional imaging and is not typically used to diagnose bleeding in the acute ED setting.
Option 6: EEG. An electroencephalogram records electrical activity of the brain and is used to assess seizures, coma, or other functional brain abnormalities. It does not visualize structural bleeding and is not a method to observe a brain bleed.
In summary, the imaging choices that serve as noninvasive means to observe or detect a brain bleed are CT scan and MRI, while Patch Clamp, Neurosurgery, PET scan, and EEG are not appropriate noninvasive tests for this purpose in the acute setting.

W25 PSYC D024 01Z Intro Psychobiology Assignment #1: Methods to Study the Brain

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