According to Cacioppo et al. (1996), who among the following is an individual with a low need for cognition?

Question

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Question restatement: According to Cacioppo et al. (1996), who among the following is an individual with a low need for cognition?

Options:
1. Felix, a manager, overlooks a speaker's personality when analyzing arguments and formulating responses.
2. Anastasiya, an employee, prefers utilizing her mental resources before making a purchase decision.
3. Martina, a homemaker, is analytical by nature and enjoys thinking carefully about issues.
4. Lukas, a teenager, responds quickly to such cues as the pleasantness of the surroundings.

Analysis of each option:
Option 1: Felix overlooks a speaker's personality when analyzing arguments and formulating responses. This describes a tendency to judge arguments perhaps without considering deeper individual differences, but it does not directly state a preference for or enjoyment of thinking. Overlooking personality and analyzing arguments could be a superficial approach or simply a strategic behavior in a specific context. It is not explicitly tied to a low need for cognition as defined by Cacioppo et al., who describe low NFC as a general tendency to avoid effortful cognitive processing and rely on easy cues. Therefore, this option is not a clear indicator of low NFC.

Option 2: Anastasiya prefers utilizing her mental resources before making a purchase decision. This clearly signals a high need for cognition, since she deliberately engages her cognitive resources and enjoys processing information before deciding. This is the opposite of low NFC, making this option incorrect for identifying a low need for cognition.

Option 3: Martina is analytical by nature and enjoys thinking carefully about issues. This description explicitly aligns with high need for cognition, as she enjoys and seeks out cognitive effort. It does not indicate a low NFC, so this option is incorrect as the target.

Option 4: Lukas responds quickly to such cues as the pleasantness of the surroundings. This option reflects a reliance on surface cues and quick judgments rather than sustained, effortful reasoning, which is characteristic of low need for cognition. The quick responding to pleasant surroundings suggests he does not engage deeply in cognitive processing, aligning with the profile of a low NFC individual according to Cacioppo et al.

Summary view: Options 2 and 3 describe individuals who actively engage in cognitive processing and thus exhibit high need for cognition, making them unsuitable as the low-NFC example. Option 1 describes a somewhat superficial evaluation process but does not clearly indicate a general low need for cognition, so it remains ambiguous and less directly supportive of a low NFC portrayal. Option 4, with quick, cue-based responses to environmental pleasantness, best fits the concept of low need for cognition as per the theory. Therefore, option 4 is the most consistent with a low NFC profile.

According to Cacioppo et al. (1996), who among the following is an individual with a low need for cognition?

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