Which ERP component reflects the brain's processing of semantic violations in language?

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The question asks which ERP component reflects the brain's processing of semantic violations in language.
Option 1: N400. This component is well-established as indexing semantic processing and the integration of word meaning within context; when a word semantically clashes with the preceding context, the N400 amplitude increases, reflecting a semantic violation or difficulty in integration.
Option 2: P400. This is not a standard or widely recognized ERP component for language semantics. In ERP literature, the common semantic effect is N400, while P600 is associated with syntactic processing; thus P400 would mischaracterize the semantic effect.
Option 3: N600. There is no core ERP component named N600 that specifically captures semantic violations. If anything, some literature loosely references later negativities, but they are not the canonical marker for semantic processing, making this option incorrect for semantic violations.
Option 4: P600. The P600 is classically linked to syntactic processing and reanalysis (syntactic violations or garden-path effects), not to semantic violations, so it does not reflect semantic processing in the way the N400 does.

PSC 135 001 SQ 2025 Lecture 26: (Disorders of) Language I: Syntax/Semantics; Aphasias

Which ERP component reflects the brain's processing of semantic violations in language?

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