Which of the following is an example of mutualism?

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BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

To tackle the question, I will examine what mutualism means and then evaluate each choice.

Option a: 'Klebsiella bacteria that lives asymptomatically in the human gut, but gains antibiotic resistance via genes from ingested bacteria.' This describes a commensal or opportunistic association that benefits the bacteria (gaining resistance) but does not clearly benefit the host. Additionally, antibiotic resistance transfer is a spread of traits, but it does not illustrate a mutual benefit between the two organisms; the host is not gaining a direct advantage, so this is not mutualism.

Option b: 'Mycobacterium tuberculosis which lives in the human lungs, multiplying when the immune system is compromised.' This scenario depicts a pathogen exploiting a weakened host immune system, which is characteristic of parasitism or pathogenic infection, not mutualism. There is no reciprocal benefit to the host; the relationship harms or endangers the host while the bacterium benefits.

Option c: 'Rhizobium bacteria that invade the roots of legume plants, form nodules and fix atmospheric nitrogen in exchange for carbohydrates.' This is a classic mutualistic interaction: Rhizobium bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen into forms usable by plants, and in return, the plant supplies carbohydrates to the bacteria. Both partners gain a benefit, with a clear reciprocal exchange.

Option d: 'Bacteria which live on the human skin and gain nutrients from secretions, but do not harm the host.' This describes a commensal relationship where the bacteria benefit without harming the host, but mutualism requires a benefit to both parties. Since the host does not gain a direct advantage here, this is not mutualism.

In summary, option c best fits the definition of mutualism because it embodies mutual benefit through nutrient exchange and nitrogen fixation, with reciprocal advantages for both organisms. The other options fail to demonstrate a true mutualistic reciprocity, instead depicting pathogenic, commensal, or non-reciprocal scenarios.

BIO1022 MA S2 2025 On Campus Test 2

Which of the following is an example of mutualism?

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