Coupling effect means that

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The question asks about the coupling effect in testing and fault models. 
Option 1: 'programs are always coupled with bugs such that you can't write programs without bugs for large enough programs.' This overstates a general truth about software quality. While larger programs tend to have more bugs, the claim that you can't write bug-free programs for large enough systems is not a precise description of the coupling concept and ignores the idea of how faults may be related across a test suite.
Option 2: 'coverage is always coupled with mutants.' This confuses two distinct testing ideas. Code coverage relates to how much of the program is exercised by tests, while mutation testing (mutants) concerns the effectiveness of tests against deliberately injected faults. The coupling concept does not state that coverage and mutants are inherently bound to each other in the general sense.
Option 3: 'simple faults are coupled with complex faults such that finding simple faults implies that the same test suite will be able to detect coupled complex faults.' This aligns with the intuition behind coupling: detecting a simple fault can indicate a test suite is capable of catching related, more complex faults that are linked or correlated, suggesting that simple faults serve as indicators for a broader fault landscape and guiding test design accordingly.
In summary, the first option paints an absolute and often inaccurate picture about bugs in large programs, the second option mismatches two concepts (coverage and mutation testing) that are not inherently coupled in the stated sense, while the third option captures the essence of coupling between simple and complex faults as it relates to test effectiveness and related fault families.

SOFT3202 COMP9202 (ND) Quiz 6

Coupling effect means that

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