Which of the following is based on a pessimistic view of human nature?

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The question asks which theory or framework reflects a pessimistic view of human nature. 
Option 1: McGregor’s Theory X. This is the classic portrayal of a pessimistic view, suggesting that workers inherently dislike work, must be coerced or controlled, and require direction and supervision to be productive. It prescribes an authoritative management style and assumes negative intrinsic motivation. 
Option 2: Motivator-Hygiene Theory (Herzberg). This theory distinguishes between motivators (satisfaction factors) and hygiene factors (dissatisfaction factors) and is not framed around a pessimistic view of human nature; instead, it analyzes conditions that lead to satisfaction vs. dissatisfaction in the workplace. It doesn’t posit a generally negative view of people’s intrinsic desires to work. 
Option 3: Expectancy Theory (Vroom). This theory focuses on cognitive expectations: the belief that effort will lead to performance, that performance will lead to outcomes, and that those outcomes are valued. It centers on motivation through rational calculation rather than making a blanket claim about humanity’s fundamental nature. It does not embody a pessimistic view of humans. 
Option 4: McGregor’s Theory Y. This represents the opposite of a pessimistic view, describing people as self-motivated, capable of self-direction, and willing to take responsibility when provided the right conditions. It embodies an optimistic view of human nature. 
In assessing these options, the key distinction lies in whether the theory asserts a negative, cynical stance about workers in general (pessimistic) or presents a more balanced or positive view of human potential and motivation. Each option’s core premise should be weighed against this criterion to determine which best fits a pessimistic portrayal.

2025SU BSN 100 01 Quiz: Chapter09

Which of the following is based on a pessimistic view of human nature?

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