Which type of docking scoring function predicts ligand binding using fundamental equations that calculate the energy of the protein/ligand interaction?

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To approach this question, we need to identify which docking scoring function uses fundamental physical equations to estimate the energy of protein–ligand interactions.
Option 1: Force-field scoring function. This type explicitly relies on physicochemical force fields, using terms like van der Waals, electrostatics, bonded interactions, and sometimes solvation to compute an energy that reflects the interaction between protein and ligand. This aligns with the description of predicting binding energy from fundamental equations.
Option 2: Empirical scoring function. Empirical scores are built from regression fits to experimental binding data and typically combine multiple descriptive terms with weighting factors; they do not strictly derive from first-principles energy equations, so this is not the fundamental equation-based approach described.
Option 3: Knowledge-based scoring function. Knowledge-based or statistical scoring methods derive potentials from observed structural statistics in known protein–ligand complexes. While informative, they are not grounded in explicit, fundamental energy equations for interactions, making them unsuitable for the description given.
Option 4: Consensus scoring function. Consensus scoring combines outputs from multiple scoring functions to improve robustness, but it does not constitute a single set of fundamental equations for energy calculation; it’s a methodological approach rather than a fundamental equation-based energy model.
Overall, the statement points to force-field scoring functions as the ones that use fundamental equations to compute interaction energy, whereas the other options rely on empirical data, statistical potentials, or multi-score integration rather than first-principles energy equations.

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Which type of docking scoring function predicts ligand binding using fundamental equations that calculate the energy of the protein/ligand interaction?

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