The study found that the manufacture, installation, and use of Solar PV was:

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The question asks about the study's finding regarding the manufacture, installation, and use of Solar PV. The provided options are: A) more dangerous than wind turbines, B) as polluting as biomass, C) about equal in the level of pollution as traditional power generation, D) much less polluting than coal.

Option A: 'more dangerous than wind turbines.' This claim focuses on safety or danger rather than environmental pollution. The study in question emphasized pollution levels rather than inherent danger, and Solar PV is generally not characterized as more dangerous than wind turbines in the context of lifecycle environmental impacts. Therefore this statement misrepresents the scope and typical findings related to PV's pollution profile.

Option B: 'as polluting as biomass.' Biomass has its own lifecycle emissions, depending on feedstock and combustion practices, but PV and biomass are quite different technologies with distinct pollution sources (manufacturing, land use, end-of-life for PV versus combustion emissions for biomass). The claim that PV is as polluting as biomass oversimplifies and ignores the relatively low lifecycle emissions of PV compared to many fossil-based or biomass-based systems; thus this option is not accurate for a typical PV lifecycle assessment.

Option C: 'about equal in the level of pollution as traditional power generation.' Traditional power generation, especially coal or oil, often has higher lifecycle pollution than PV, particularly in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants. Saying PV is about equal to traditional power generation conflicts with most lifecycle analyses that show PV considerably lowers pollution compared with fossil-based generation. This makes the option unlikely to reflect the study's finding.

Option D: 'much less polluting than coal.' This aligns with a common conclusion from lifecycle assessments of Solar PV: when you account for manufacturing, installation, operation, and end-of-life, PV generally results in substantially lower lifecycle pollution and greenhouse gas emissions than coal-fired electricity. It accurately captures the typical environmental advantage of PV over coal as reported in many studies.

In summary, the incorrect options either misframed the metric (safety vs. pollution), compare PV to other renewable or non-analogous sources inappropriately, or claim parity where the consensus indicates substantial pollution reductions for PV relative to coal. The correct framing emphasizes the lifecycle pollution advantage of Solar PV over coal, which is what the study's finding reflects.

FNDN Academic English 2024 STD E2

The study found that the manufacture, installation, and use of Solar PV was:

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