Which of the following is an example of an outcome of language contact?

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Question: Which of the following is an example of an outcome of language contact?

Option 1: Language convergence. This outcome occurs when speakers of different languages influence each other over time, leading to more similar linguistic features or shared features across languages. It reflects mutual influence and blending in phonology, syntax, lexicon, or other aspects due to prolonged contact.

Option 2: Language shift. In language contact situations, communities may gradually abandon one language in favor of another, often due to social, economic, or prestige-related pressures. This shift can change which language dominates in a region or community.

Option 3: Language death. If a language loses its intergenerational transmission because speakers adopt another language, it can eventually become extinct. Language contact can contribute to exhaustion of linguistic vitality and eventual death of a language.

Option 4: Creation of pidgin and creole languages. When speakers with different native languages need to communicate, a pidgin can arise as a simplified means of communication, which may become a creole once it becomes nativized and acquired as a first language by children. This is a well-documented outcome of extensive contact.

Option 5: All of the above can occur. Given the range of possible outcomes in language contact scenarios, each of the listed phenomena—convergence, shift, death, and pidgin/creole formation—has been observed in different contexts, and it is common for multiple outcomes to arise in a given contact situation. Consider how sociolinguistic factors, demographic dynamics, and prestige influence which outcomes predominate in a particular case.

In summary, the options collectively cover the spectrum of language-contact outcomes, with convergence, shift, death, and pidgin/creole creation each representing a documented pathway that can emerge when languages come into contact.

LIN 001Y A01-A12 SQ 2025 Language Variation & Change HW

Which of the following is an example of an outcome of language contact?

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