Pancreatic beta-cells in the islets of Langerhans produce and secrete which metabolic regulatory hormone?[Fill in the blank]

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The question asks: Pancreatic beta-cells in the islets of Langerhans produce and secrete which metabolic regulatory hormone? [Fill in the blank]

Option a: Glucagon. This hormone is produced by alpha cells in the islets, not beta cells, and its primary role is to raise blood glucose levels by promoting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Therefore, this option misidentifies the cell type and function.

Option b: Insulin. Beta cells are specialized to synthesize and secrete insulin in response to elevated blood glucose. Insulin facilitates uptake of glucose into liver, muscle, and adipose tissue and promotes glycogen, fat, and protein synthesis, making it the key metabolic regulatory hormone produced by beta cells.

Option c: Cortisol. Cortisol is a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, not by pancreatic islets. It has widespread metabolic effects including increasing blood glucose via gluconeogenesis, but it is not released from beta cells.

Option d: Adrenaline. Also known as epinephrine, adrenaline is produced by the adrenal medulla, not the pancreatic islets. It increases heart rate and blood glucose during fight-or-flight responses, but it is not the hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas.

In summary, the only option that correctly identifies the hormone produced by pancreatic beta-cells is insulin, while the other options reference hormones produced elsewhere or by other cell types with different primary roles. The key conceptual distinctions are the cellular origin within the pancreatic islets and the primary metabolic action of the hormone involved.

Pancreatic beta-cells in the islets of Langerhans produce and secrete which metabolic regulatory hormone?[Fill in the blank]

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