This article used descriptive statistics. Which of the following questions would require inferential statistics to answer? (Select all that apply)

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The question asks which items would require inferential statistics to answer, given that the article used descriptive statistics for the rest. 
Option 1: 'What proportion of countries had an alignment score greater than 1 for sugar in the year 2010?' This is a straightforward descriptive quantity—counting or computing a proportion from the observed data in the sample. No inference about a population parameter is needed, so descriptive statistics suffice here.
Option 2: 'Is there a statistically significant association between country income level and alignment score?' This asks about a relationship between two variables (income level and alignment score) and whether that relationship is unlikely to be due to chance. Determining statistical significance of an association requires inferential methods (e.g., chi-square test of independence, correlation, or regression), not just description of the observed data.
Option 3: 'Is there a statistically significant difference between the average alignment scores in Sub-Saharan Africa and North America in the year 2010?' Here, you’re comparing means across two groups. Assessing whether the observed difference reflects a true population difference involves inferential statistics (e.g., t-test or ANOVA), rather than purely describing the sample means. 
Option 4: 'What is the distribution of alignment scores within high-income countries?' Describing the shape or spread of a variable within a subset is a descriptive task, not an inferential one, unless you were making inferences about a larger population from a sample. In its stated form, it signals descriptive summarization:

In summary, options that require inference about population parameters or relationships are those asking about associations or differences between groups, while the purely descriptive questions about proportions or within-group distributions do not require inferential statistics.

NUTR 202 A Week 5 Assignment: Article Deconstruction (submit your responses here)

This article used descriptive statistics. Which of the following questions would require inferential statistics to answer? (Select all that apply)

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