As described in lecture, "universal adaptability" refers to what phenomena?

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Question and options restated for clarity:
Question: As described in lecture, "universal adaptability" refers to what phenomena?
Answer options:
1) People who score high on a measure of Openness to Experience are better able to accommodate environmental changes.
2) The discovery that infants of reactive mothers who are cross-fostered with calm mothers develop into healthy children.
3) The finding that babies of eight months of age or less can discriminate among all speech sounds in all languages.
4) The characteristics of the cognitive schema mastered by the end of Piaget's Sensorimotor stage.

Analysis of each option:
Option 1: This choice ties universal adaptability to personality trait Openness to Experience. While openness can influence how people respond to novelty or change, universal adaptability as a technical term in developmental and cognitive science does not specifically refer to a personality trait predicting environmental adaptability. In short, this option confuses a trait-based view with a broader concept that is more about developmental capabilities than a stable personality dimension.

Option 2: This option mentions cross-fostering and infant development in the context of maternal reactivity. Although parent–child interactions and early environmental factors can influence development, universal adaptability is not defined as a phenomenon resulting from cross-fostering with two mothers. Additionally, the causal framing here is not the standard description of universal adaptability.

Option 3: This statement describes infants’ perceptual capabilities to distinguish speech sounds across languages at a young age. This aligns with the concept of universal adaptability in early infancy, which refers to the infant’s ability to discriminate a wide range of phonetic contrasts before language specialization narrows perception. It captures the universality aspect across languages that is typically highlighted in discussions of early perceptual adaptability.

Option 4: This option references Piagetian stages and the cognitive schemas at the end of the Sensorimotor stage. Universal adaptability is not about the structured schemas typical of Piagetian theory, nor is it anchored to the end-state of a specific stage. Instead, it emphasizes broad, cross-linguistic perceptual capabilities in infancy, which is a different domain from Piaget’s stage-based cognitive schemata.

Putting the pieces together, the option that matches the established notion of universal adaptability by describing early universal phonetic discrimination in infants is the third option. It accurately reflects the idea that babies can, at a young age, distinguish a wide range of speech sounds across languages, illustrating broad perceptual adaptability before language-specific tuning occurs.

Thus, option 3 aligns with the concept of universal adaptability as described in lecture, contrasting with the misfit explanations offered by options 1, 2, and 4.

PSY 1001 (001) Exam 3

As described in lecture, "universal adaptability" refers to what phenomena?

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