Question at position 20 All of the following contributed to the rise of industrialization in western Europe and North America during the nineteenth century EXCEPT 4WHF30improved agricultural productivitylegal protection of private propertyincreased rights for laborersgeographic distribution of coal and iron

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BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

The question asks which factor did NOT contribute to the rise of industrialization in western Europe and North America during the nineteenth century, so we should evaluate each option.
Option 1: improved agricultural productivity. Advances in agriculture—like enclosure movements, crop rotation, and mechanization—freeed labor, increased food supply, and spurred urban migration, all of which supported industrial growth. This clearly contributed to industrialization.
Option 2: legal protection of private property. Secure property rights, contracts, and predictable legal frameworks encouraged investment in factories, railways, and mines. This protection is widely recognized as a foundation for industrial expansion, so it contributed.
Option 3: increased rights for laborers. While labor reforms and unions did become more prominent later, the broad arc of industrialization was driven more by capital, technology, and institutional protections than by broad increases in labor rights in the early to mid-19th century. In many regions, labor rights lagged behind—so this factor is not a contributing driver in the same way as the others, and aligns with being the EXCEPT.
Option 4: geographic distribution of coal and iron. The location and abundance of coal and iron ore were pivotal for where industrial activity concentrated, enabling railway development, steam power, and steel production. This geographic factor clearly contributed.
Overall, three options reflect common drivers of industrialization (agricultural productivity, property rights, resource geography), while increased rights for laborers is not consistently a driving contributor across the period and regions in the same way, making it the EXCEPT. Therefore, the statement that did not contribute is: increased rights for laborers.

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