In this study, which is the independent variable?

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

Let's parse the question carefully and lay out what each term represents in a typical study design.
Option 1: Attendees. This refers to who participated in the study. While the number or characteristics of attendees can affect results, it is not what researchers deliberately change or manipulate to observe effects, so this is unlikely to be the independent variable.
Option 2: Test scores. These are typically outcomes or dependent variables—the results you measure after applying an intervention or exposure. They reflect the effect of the independent variable rather than being the variable that is intentionally varied.
Option 3: Questionnaire. A questionnaire is a data collection instrument. It is a method of gathering information, not something that is deliberately varied to test its impact. Therefore it does not serve as the independent variable itself.
Option 4: Dental education. This is the factor that researchers would manipulate or vary to observe its effect on outcomes such as test scores or other measures. In most studies involving education, the intervention or exposure (here, dental education) is the independent variable, because it is the element intentionally changed to assess its impact.
In summary, the independent variable is the factor that the study changes to examine its effect, which corresponds to dental education in this scenario. The remaining options describe participants (Attendees), measured outcomes (Test scores), and a data collection method (Questionnaire), all of which serve as dependent variables, study design elements, or data-gathering tools rather than the manipulated variable.

In this study, which is the independent variable?

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