In a study examining the impact that drinking coffee has on the test scores of students, which would be the independent variable?

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In this study setup, we need to identify which factor the researchers deliberately change to observe its effect on another outcome.
The independent variable is the variable that the experimenter manipulates or varies to see if it influences the dependent variable.
Here, the scenario describes examining the impact of drinking coffee on students' test scores. The factor being changed or controlled by the researchers is the consumption of coffee (whether or how much coffee is consumed).
- If coffee is varied (e.g., different amounts or presence vs. absence), that variation is what the researchers are manipulating, so it serves as the independent variable.
- The outcome being measured, the test scores, is the dependent variable because it depends on the level of coffee consumption.
A potential source of confusion is that the phrasing could imply coffee itself, or the act of drinking coffee, but in experimental design terms, the independent variable is the condition the researchers set or manipulate (coffee consumption), while test scores are what they measure to assess the effect.
Note on the provided data: there are no answer options listed to evaluate beyond the stated correct answer of "Coffee." If multiple-choice options were present, we would compare each option to the definitions of independent and dependent variables and justify why the correct option aligns with the manipulation of coffee consumption.
In sum, the independent variable is the coffee consumption (the act/level of drinking coffee), while the dependent variable would be the test scores.

PSYCH 100, Section 002: Intro Psychology (22511--HB---P-PSYCH---100-------002-) Quiz 1 Practice/Review

In a study examining the impact that drinking coffee has on the test scores of students, which would be the independent variable?

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