Genetic variability is essential for species to adapt to new environments, compete for limited resources against other species, and ensure survival of the species. Thus, sexual reproduction via meiosis is important because of the mechanisms in meiosis that contribute to generating genetic diversity. The following are true statements about independent assortment, EXCEPT:

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Genetic variability is essential for species to adapt to new environments, compete for limited resources against other species, and ensure survival of the species. Thus, sexual reproduction via meiosis is important because of the mechanisms in meiosis that contribute to generating genetic diversity.  The following are true statements about independent assortment, EXCEPT:

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The question discusses genetic variability and the role of meiosis, focusing on independent assortment, and asks for the statement that is NOT true about independent assortment.
Option 1: 'occurs when sister chromatids line up in metaphase II' — This is incorrect as a description of independent assortment. Independent assortment concerns the random orientation of homologous chromosomes (the pairs of chromosomes, one from each parent) during metaphase I, not the alignment of sister chromatids at metaphase II. Thus, this statement misattributes the process to metaphase II and to sister chromatids, which is not where independent assortment occurs.
Option 2: 'a human cell can be one of 2^23 different possibilities' — This is a true reflection of independent assortment in humans. There are 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes, and each pair can orient in two ways, yielding 2^23 possible combinations of maternal/paternal chromosome contributions to gametes.
Option 3: 'results in haploid daughter cells that are genetically distinct from each other' — This describes a consequence of meiosis I where homologs separate and then sister chromatids separate in meiosis II. The random orientation during metaphase I helps produce genetically different haploid cells, so this statement is accurate.
Option 4: 'occurs when homologous chromosomes line up in metaphase I' — This correctly identifies the stage at which independent assortment takes place, aligning the concept with the mechanism that generates variation.

Bio 93 Section CDE 2025 Midterm 2 Practice Exam

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