Question at position 9 Social Darwinism was used to justify which of the following during the nineteenth century? 4WH63Domestic reforms in Meiji JapanBritish colonization of IndiaLatin American independence movementsRussian utilization of coerced peasant labor

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Question at position 9 Social Darwinism was used to justify which of the following during the nineteenth century? 4WH63Domestic reforms in Meiji JapanBritish colonization of IndiaLatin American independence movementsRussian utilization of coerced peasant labor

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Question at position 9 asks: Social Darwinism was used to justify which of the following during the nineteenth century? 4WH63

Option 1: Domestic reforms in Meiji Japan. While Meiji reforms were influenced by Western ideas and modernization efforts, Social Darwinism is not primarily the justification used for Meiji domestic policy; instead, Japan’s modernization was framed as national strength and survival in a competitive world, but not specifically through Social Darwinist rhetoric aimed at domestic reform in the same way as colonial expansion.

Option 2: British colonization of India. This is the option most closely tied to Social Darwinist thought in the nineteenth century. Proponents argued that Western civilizations were superior and had a duty or right to civilize or modernize 'less advanced' peoples, and that imperial rule was a natural, even benevolent, outcome of evolutionary hierarchies. This framing was used to justify colonization and domination of India under British rule.

Option 3: Latin American independence movements. These movements were mostly motivated by Enlightenment ideals, grievances against colonial taxation and governance, and nationalist aspirations, rather than Social Darwinist justifications. In fact, Social Darwinism tends to support maintaining hierarchical orders, not justifying anti-colonial independence efforts.

Option 4: Russian utilization of coerced peasant labor. While serfdom and coercive labor systems have their own brutal rationales, Social Darwinist rhetoric is more commonly linked to European imperialism and civilizing missions rather than defending or excusing coerced labor within an imperial power’s own borders. This option does not capture the typical nineteenth‑century Social Darwinist justification used to defend imperial expansion.

In sum, option 2 aligns with the historical use of Social Darwinist ideas to rationalize colonial domination by presenting a perceived hierarchy of civilizations and a duty to govern 'less developed' peoples, which was used to justify British rule in India. The other options either lack that specific imperial justifications or reflect different ideological contexts that were not their primary rhetorical basis.

Question at position 9 Social Darwinism was used to justify which of the following during the nineteenth century? 4WH63Domestic reforms in Meiji JapanBritish colonization of IndiaLatin American independence movementsRussian utilization of coerced peasant labor

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