Which of the following are arguments Maienschein discusses in favor of studying the history of science? (Check BOTH that apply)

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The question asks which arguments Maienschein discusses in favor of studying the history of science and instructs to check BOTH that apply. 
Option 1: incommensurability. This term is commonly discussed in the philosophy of science concerning how different scientific paradigms may be based on incompatible standards or concepts. While incommensurability is a notable topic in philosophy of science, it is not typically framed by Maienschein as one of the core arguments favoring the study of the history of science itself. Therefore, this option is unlikely to be one of the two arguments Maienschein emphasizes as justification for studying history, making it a likely incorrect choice in this context. 
Option 2: imagination. Imagination pertains to scientists’ creative capacity and the role of imaginative thinking in scientific development. Although imagination is relevant to understanding scientific progress, Maienschein’s explicit advocacy for studying the history of science is more frequently tied to methodological, epistemic, or educational justifications rather than focusing on imagination as a primary argument. Thus, this option is probably not among the two main arguments Maienschein highlights as reasons to study history. 
Option 3: criticism. Criticism involves how studying the history of science allows for critical examination of past scientific practices, assumptions, and methodologies, thereby improving current understanding and practice. This is a common argument for historical study in science—to critique and refine scientific methods and to learn from past errors or limitations. This aligns with Maienschein’s emphasis on the value of historical inquiry as a critical tool. Therefore, this option is a plausible correct choice. 
Option 4: self-improvement. Self-improvement suggests that engaging with the history of science can cultivate better thinking, reasoning, or educational development in students or practitioners. This educational and developmental aim is frequently presented as a justification for historical study in science education and scholarship, matching Maienschein’s likely arguments for supporting such study. Hence, this option is also a plausible correct choice. 
In summary, options 3 (criticism) and 4 (self-improvement) align with commonly presented justifications Maienschein discusses for studying the history of science, whereas options 1 (incommensurability) and 2 (imagination) are less aligned as primary arguments in this specific framing. If your source text emphasizes the two core points, they would be criticism and self-improvement, but ensure you refer back to Maienschein’s exact wording in your course materials to confirm these as the two highlighted arguments.

2261 HPS 0612 SEC1030 Exam 1 - Lecture Portion- Requires Respondus LockDown Browser

Which of the following are arguments Maienschein discusses in favor of studying the history of science? (Check BOTH that apply)

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