In the biography of Hsiang Yu, Hsiang Yu believed that he was defeated because heaven was against him.

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Question: In the biography of Hsiang Yu, Hsiang Yu believed that he was defeated because heaven was against him. 
Option 1: True. The idea that Hsiang Yu attributed his defeat to Heaven or fate aligns with certain historical interpretations of his mindset after successive losses in the Chu–Han Contention. Proponents of this view point to his dramatic lamentations and language in some sources that echo a belief in a divinely-ordained or fate-driven setback, suggesting he felt the Mandate of Heaven had shifted away from him and toward his rivals. 
Option 2: False. If one argues against this, they might point to alternative readings in which Hsiang Yu attributes defeat to concrete strategic or military factors rather than cosmic causation, such as battlefield errors, manpower issues, or the strength and choices of his opponent Liu Bang. They would claim the historical record emphasizes material causes over metaphysical ones, and that attributing defeat to Heaven could be a later interpretive trope rather than a contemporaneous belief widely corroborated by primary sources. 
To weigh these options, consider what the primary narratives emphasize about his mindset after losses: whether they foreground a fatalistic, Heaven-inspired explanation or a more secular, taktical assessment of military shortcomings. If the sources consistently present him voicing a fate-driven rationale, that supports the True interpretation; if they instead foreground practical cause-and-effect reasoning, that supports False. 
Additionally, look for phrases in the biography that explicitly link his defeat to Heaven or mandate, versus passages that describe him focusing on strategic blunders, logistical constraints, or the superior positioning of Liu Bang’s forces. The distinction hinges on the emphasis the sources place on metaphysical versus empirical explanations for defeat. 
In sum, the True interpretation rests on whether the biography presents Heaven-as-cause language as central to his view; the False interpretation rests on whether such language is absent orDownplayed in favor of secular explanations. Each option requires attention to the exact wording and emphasis of the source material to determine which explanation the biography endorses.

Spr25_CHIN012_36029 6.2: Quiz on Reading 6.1.1

In the biography of Hsiang Yu, Hsiang Yu believed that he was defeated because heaven was against him.

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