What is an example of Hill's Specificity? You can choose more than one answer.

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Exploring Hill's Specificity within the context of causal criteria, I’ll evaluate each option in turn.
Option 1: 'When a disease has one cause' — This aligns with the idea of specificity, where a particular exposure is linked to a specific disease outcome. The notion is that a strong, singular association strengthens causal inference under Hill’s framework, so this is a reasonable example.
Option 2: 'When you have a control or placebo group' — This is a study design element (controls for confounding, helps establish association) but it does not illustrate Hill's Specificity criterion itself. Specificity is about the uniqueness of the exposure-disease link, not about study controls.
Option 3: 'SARS-CoV-2 virus caused a global pandemic' — While the virus caused a widespread situation, Hill’s Specificity concerns whether a single exposure leads to a single, specific disease outcome. A pandemic is a public-health phenomenon, not a distinct disease outcome, and the relationship is more complex than the criterion typically exemplifies. This makes it a weaker or inappropriate example of specificity.
Option 4: 'When a disease has an earlier and earlier onset as dose increases' — This describes a dose-response relationship, which is another Hill criterion, but not specificity. It shows that higher exposure relates to earlier onset, not that a single exposure causes a single disease outcome.
Option 5: 'Cigarettes caused lung cancer' — This is a classic example used to illustrate specificity: a particular exposure (smoking) is strongly linked to a specific disease (lung cancer), highlighting a direct, somewhat specific exposure-disease relationship. This fits Hill’s Specificity concept well.
In summary, options that truly reflect Hill's Specificity are those that emphasize a singular cause leading to a particular disease outcome: 'When a disease has one cause' and 'Cigarettes caused lung cancer'. The other options illustrate related ideas (study design, broad public-health phenomena, or dose-response) but do not capture the essence of specificity as defined by Hill.

ETX 010 001 SQ 2025 Learning Assignment 2

What is an example of Hill's Specificity? You can choose more than one answer.

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