The main process by which heat flows upward through the lithosphere is

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The question asks about the main process by which heat flows upward through the lithosphere.
Since no answer options are provided, we cannot evaluate alternatives here. However, the accepted geophysical understanding is that heat transfer through the lithosphere occurs primarily by conduction. In the lithosphere, which is rigid and cool relative to the mantle, heat moves from hotter regions to cooler regions via direct molecular interaction and lattice vibrations, i.e., conduction.
It is important to contrast this with processes that occur in other layers: mantle convection is the dominant mechanism for heat transport within the asthenosphere and mantle, where ductile, flowing rock carries heat by bulk movement. Once the heat reaches the lithosphere, the dominant mode of upward transfer is conduction through solid rock, rather than convective flow, which is hindered by the rigid nature of lithospheric rocks.
If options were present, we would evaluate each choice by asking whether it describes (a) direct molecular/solid-state transfer of energy (conduction), (b) bulk movement of material (convection), or (c) radiation. In this context, conduction best matches the mechanism described.

EARTHSC 2205 SP2025 (19389) PlanetaryGeol

The main process by which heat flows upward through the lithosphere is

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