What is a major cause of the difference between the Earth's atmosphere (and its effects on climate) and those of Venus and Mars?

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BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

We start by restating the question: What is a major cause of the difference between the Earth's atmosphere (and its effects on climate) and those of Venus and Mars?

Option 1: Earth's has a much lower percentage of CO2
- This option identifies carbon dioxide levels as a key driver of atmospheric and climate differences. Venus has a thick CO2 atmosphere producing extreme greenhouse warming, and Mars has a thin CO2-dominated atmosphere with minimal greenhouse effect. Earth's relatively low atmospheric CO2 means less greenhouse warming compared to those planets, contributing to its comparatively moderate climate.

Option 2: Earth's has a much higher percentage of CO2
- This would imply Earth is warmer than Venus and Mars due to more CO2, which contradicts observed planetary climates. Venus is far warmer largely because its atmosphere is extremely CO2-rich, not Earth’s. Mars, with very little CO2, is cold. Therefore this statement misrepresents the actual CO2 distribution and its climatic impact across the planets.

Option 3: The amount of cloud cover
- Cloud cover does influence climate, but it is not the major fundamental difference that explains why Earth’s atmosphere and climate are distinct from Venus and Mars. All three planets experience clouds differently, and while clouds modulate climate, the predominant factor is the composition and greenhouse effect driven by atmospheric gases, especially CO2.

Option 4: Earth's atmosphere is a different temperature
- While average atmospheric and surface temperatures differ among the planets, this option points to a symptom (temperature) rather than the primary cause. The temperature differences arise from multiple interacting factors, including CO2 levels, solar input, albedo, and greenhouse effects. Focusing on temperature alone misses the underlying cause that drives those temperature differences, notably the CO2 content.

Option 5: The amount of rain
- Rainfall is not a defining factor that explains the broad atmospheric composition differences between Earth, Venus, and Mars. Venus lacks liquid water and rain today due to extreme surface temperatures and atmospheric pressure, while Mars has trace atmospheric water vapor and polar ice; however, rainfall variability does not serve as the core driver of their climatic disparities.

In summary, the central theme across these options is the gaseous composition of the atmospheres, especially CO2 levels, which control greenhouse warming and thus climate differences among the planets. The statements concerning CO2 concentration align more closely with the observed planetary climates, whereas the other options describe secondary or misleading factors.

ASTRON 2140 AU2025 (23428) Final - 2025 Dec 12

What is a major cause of the difference between the Earth's atmosphere (and its effects on climate) and those of Venus and Mars?

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