The geminal diol form predominates over the carbonyl form in solution for: (select all that apply).

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The geminal diol form predominates over the carbonyl form  in solution for: (select all that apply).

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The question asks us to identify for which carbonyl compounds the geminal diol (hydrate) form predominates over the carbonyl form in solution, and to select all correct options.
Option 1: aldehydes. In general, aldehydes do form some hydrate in water, but the equilibrium heavily favors the carbonyl form for most aldehydes other than formaldehyde. This means aldehydes as a class do not predominantly exist as gem-diols in typical aqueous solution. So this option is not correct as a general rule.
Option 2: ketones. Ketones tend to remain largely as the carbonyl form in water; hydration to a gem-diol is usually negligible unless special structural features stabilize the hydrate. Therefore, this option is not correct because hydrates do not predominate for ketones.
Option 3: formaldehyde. This is the classic example where the hydrate form is strongly favored in water. Formaldehyde has no alkyl substituents to donate steric hindrance or disrupt hydration, so methanediol is substantially present in solution, often more so than the carbonyl form. Thus this option is correct.
Option 4: none of these. Given that formaldehyde does predominantly exist as a gem-diol in solution, the statement 'none of these' is incorrect, because there is at least one compound (formaldehyde) that fits the criterion.
In summary, the key idea is that hydration equilibrium heavily favors the diol only for formaldehyde among the listed categories, while most aldehydes and virtually all ketones do not predominantly adopt the geminal diol form in aqueous solution. The misspelling in the provided option list has been interpreted as referring to formaldehyde, which aligns with the correct choice.

CHE 008B A01 SS1 2025 Lecture 8 - Geminal Diols

The geminal diol form predominates over the carbonyl form in solution for: (select all that apply).

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