_________________ describe the fact that decisions can be influenced by the way a set of choices is presented (i.e., when two versions of a problem that are essentially the same can lead to different choices).

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BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

The question asks us to identify the term for the phenomenon where decisions are influenced by how a set of choices is presented, such that two versions of essentially the same problem lead to different choices.
Option 1: Framing effects — This is the precise concept described. Framing effects occur when the presentation or wording of options influences people’s judgments and decisions, even when underlying information is equivalent. For example, describing outcomes in terms of gains versus losses can shift choices.
Option 2: Anchoring effects — Anchoring refers to the tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information encountered (the “anchor”) when making decisions. While related to decision making, anchoring is about initial reference points rather than the influence of presentation framing on equivalent choices.
Option 3: Compromise effects — This describes a tendency to choose the middle option when a set of options is presented, often due to desire to appear moderate. It highlights a bias in option ranking but does not capture the broader notion of how presentation alters preference between equivalent scenarios.
Option 4: Heuristics — Heuristics are mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that simplify decision making. They explain why people make quick judgments but are not specifically the phenomenon of response changes due to framing of the problem.
Option 5: Decoy effects — Also known as the attraction effect, this occurs when the presence of a dominated option (the decoy) shifts preference toward a target option. While it is about how option structure influences choice, it is a particular case within framing but does not define the general framing effect as asked in the question.

In summary, the framing effects option best aligns with the description provided in the stem, as it directly denotes that presentation of choices can steer decisions. The other options describe related but distinct biases or decision shortcuts that don't capture the exact concept of framing per se.

_________________ describe the fact that decisions can be influenced by the way a set of choices is presented (i.e., when two versions of a problem that are essentially the same can lead to different choices).

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