Who is the only user who can override file permissions in Unix?

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Question restatement: Who is the only user who can override file permissions in Unix?

Option a: 'Sudo' — This refers to a command that allows a user to execute a command with elevated privileges, typically as the superuser or another user. While sudo temporally gives higher privileges for a task, it does not designate a permanent user who overrides permissions by default. The underlying capability still depends on the target user (often root); sudo is a mechanism, not the sole user identity.

Option b: 'Administrator' — Unix does not use the term administrator as a formal user category in its standard permission model. This label is more common in Windows contexts. In Unix-like systems, the concept parallel to an administrator is the root user, not a separate 'Administrator' account.

Option c: 'Local admin' — This is not a standard Unix term. Unix permissions are governed by file modes and ownership, with special privileges tied to the root user. 'Local admin' does not represent a recognized, overarching permission-bypass identity in Unix.

Option d: 'Root user' — This is the correct statement in the Unix permission model. The root user (superuser) has uid 0 and possesses unrestricted access, capable of overriding any file permissions, ownership, or access control lists. This capability stems from the superuser status, which is designed to administer the system and bypass normal permission checks when necessary.

Why the incorrect options mislead: Sudo provides temporary elevation for specific commands, not an intrinsic, ongoing permission override by a user identity. Treating sudo as the overriding entity conflates the mechanism with the identity; the actual override ability applies to root or another account granted privileges, not to 'Sudo' itself as a user. The terms 'Administrator' and 'Local admin' are not formal Unix user roles, so attributing universal permission override to them contradicts the standard Unix security model. The essence of Unix permissions centers on owner, group, and others along with the root superuser, who can always bypass those checks when needed.

Who is the only user who can override file permissions in Unix?

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